NON –FINITE FORMS

a) THE INFINITIVE AND THE INFINITIVAL CONSTRUCTIONS

•    Infinitive forms (The Long and Short Infinitive)

•    Infinitival Constructions: The Accusative with the Infinitive, the Nominative with the Infinitive,  the For –to Infinitive; the Absolute Infinitive, The Split Infinitive, the Implied Infinitive

•    The Indefinite Participle and Past Participle

•    Participial Constructions: The Accusative with the Participle; the Nominative with the Participle, the Absolute Participial Constructions, Parenthetical Phrases

b) THE PARTICIPLE AND THE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 

c) THE GERUND AND THE GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTION

VOICE

It shows the relationship of the subject to the action

•      In the Active Voice the subject does the action ( Cats eat mice)

•       In the Passive Voice the subject receive the action ( Mice are eaten by cats)

TENSE

In grammar the word 'tense' means time. It is applied to verbs because verbs indicate time.

A form of a verb used to indicate the time and sometimes the continuation or completeness of an action in relation to the time of speaking ( from Latin: tempus- time)
It refers to time: past , present, future.
In English, we talk about time with tenses.
It gives an indication of when something happens;
We can also talk about time without using tenses (for ex. Going to is a special construction to talk about the future, it is not a tense)
One tense does not always talk about one time
 
Present Tenses 

• Present Tense Simple 

• Present Tense Continuous

• Present Perfect Simple 

• Present Perfect Continuous

Past Tenses 

• Past Simple 

• Past Continuous

• Past Perfect Simple

• Past Perfect Continuous

Future Tenses 

• Future Simple 

• Future Continuous

• Future Perfect Simple 

• Future Perfect Continuous

• Future in the Past 

MOOD

Is a grammatical category by means of which modality is expressed, the category that reflects the attitude of the speaker towards the action or state expressed by the verb.

There are 4 moods in english language:

• INDICATIVE MOOD : expresses a simple statement or fact, which can be positive ( affirmative) or negative: I like/ don’t like coffee
• IMPERATIVE MOOD: expresses a command: Sit down!
• SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD: expresses what is imagined or wished or possible: The president ordered that he attend the meeting.
• CONDITIONAL MOOD: expresses a condition

Classification of English verbs

English verbs may be classified in accordance with:

a)      Composition

b)      Derivation

c)      Basic forms

d)     Content

 

1.      Classification of verbs in accordance with composition:

a) simple verbs: verbs which cannot be decomposed into morphological elements: to go, to ask, to read, to speak

b) compound verbs:  are formed of two or more morphological elements (parts of speech). They are represented by words written together or separated by a hyphen:  whitemask, broadcast, waylay

c) complex verbs: is made up of a principal verb and adverb or an adjective: to fall short (/to get scarce), to go out, to go back

d) verbal phrases (locutiuni verbale): must contain a noun in its structure. A verbal phrase may be replaced by a simple verb: to have a drink = to drink

 

2. Classification in point of derivation:

a) Affixation: is a language device by means of which we can expand the meaning of a word adding a suffix or a prefix to it: to outgrow, to uncover, to create, to anticipate

b) Conversion: the most frequent aspect of conversion is verbalization of nouns: iron- to iron; paper – to paper

c) Contraction: contracted verbal forms are extensively used in colloquial English ; ‘ve, ‘d, ‘m.

 

3. Classification in point of Basic Forms: regular verbs and irregular verbs

 

4. Classification of verbs in point of content

Verbs can be divided into 3 classes:

-   A notional verb is a verb which has an independent meaning and function in the sentence

-   A semi-auxiliary verb has no independent meaning and no independent function in the sentence

-   An auxiliary verb has no lexical meaning; its meaning is purely grammatical , it serves to build up the analytical forms of the English verbs.

Types of verbs

There are 3 basic types of verbs:

1.      Action verbs

2.      Linking verbs

3.      Helping verbs

 

1.      Action verbs (main verbs) – describe actions, activities, events and happenings

An action verbs can be transitive or intransitive.

Transitive verbs need a direct object : 

                         The boss dropped the ball.

                         The workers picked it up.

Intransitive verbs do not need a direct object:

                     Who called? The temperature fell over night.

 

To determine if a verb is transitive, ask yourself  Who? Or What? After the verb. If you can find an answer in the sentence, the verb is transitive.

2.      Linking Verbs – join the subject and the predicate

-  They do not show the action

-  They help the words at the end of the sentence name or describe the subject

-  The most common linking verbs include: be, feel, grow, smell, seem, remain, appear, sound, stay, look, taste, turn, become, to be (am, is, are , was, were, am, being, can be, have been)

                      The manager was happy about the job change.

                      He is a good worker.

3.      Helping verbs

-  Have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence but they do not tell us very much

-  Are added to another verb to make the meaning clearer

-  We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They ‘help’ the main verb

-   We use them in the following cases:

·         Be- to make continuous tenses and to make the passives

·         Have – to make perfect tenses

·         Do – to make negative

                     -To ask questions

                     - to show emphasis ( I do want you to pass the exam )

                      - to stand for a main verb in some constructions (He speaks faster than she does)

THE VERB

•      Name an action or describe a state of being or a condition
•      Every sentence must have a verb
•      A verb always has a subject. Verbs are words that tell us what a subject does or is; they describe action and state
•      It is possible to have two or more verbs in a sentence: I hope she returned the book to you in good condition.
•      The word ‘verb’ comes from Latin  ‘verbum’ meaning ‘word’

A verb is a word (run) or a phrase (run out of) which expresses:

•      The existence of a state (love, seem) 
•      The doing of an action (take, play)

Verbs are used to express distinctions in time ( past, present, future) through tense (often with adverbials of time or frequency)

There are 2 classes of verbs in English:

•       The auxiliary verbs (auxiliaries): to be, to have, to do, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would, need, dare, used to
•      All other verbs which we may call ordinary verbs: to work, to sing etc 
•      Verbs can be regular and irregular